Melanoma, typically associated with adults, can also affect children. Although pediatric melanoma accounts for only about 1 percent of new melanoma cases annually, it is the most prevalent skin cancer among children and teenagers, albeit still considered rare. Notably, between the 1970s and 2009, there was an annual increase of approximately 2 percent in malignant melanoma cases, primarily in teens. While melanoma usually occurs on the skin, there are rarer instances where it can form in the body's digestive system and mucous glands.
​
Melanoma originates from melanocytes, which are responsible for producing melanin, the pigment that gives skin its color. In its early stages, melanoma may appear as an isolated mole on the skin. However, if left untreated, the cancer can metastasize to other areas of the body, including internal organs.
​
Pediatric melanoma typically presents itself initially as a suspicious mole. Indications of a potential melanoma include:
-
Alteration in the shape, color, or size of a mole.
-
A mole that causes pain or appears as a non-healing sore.
-
Itchy or bleeding moles.
-
A lump that exhibits a shiny or crusty appearance.
-
Dark spots beneath fingernails or toenails that are unrelated to nail trauma.
It's essential to bear in mind that the majority of moles are not melanomas.
​
Children with fair skin and light hair have an increased risk of developing pediatric melanoma. Exposure to ultraviolet (UV) radiation from the sun and a history of sunburns elevate the likelihood of melanoma formation.
Moreover, a family history of melanoma raises the chances of a child developing skin cancer. For children who have previously undergone treatment for melanoma, the risk of additional skin cancers forming is higher compared to those without a history of skin cancer.
​
The use of tanning beds may also contribute to the rising risk of pediatric melanoma, particularly among adolescents.
In general, the risk factors for skin cancer in children above the age of 10 are similar to those affecting adults. However, for younger children, the risk factors are not as well-defined.
​
Both children and adults with skin cancer are classified into stages 0 through 4, depending on the advancement of the cancer. Treatment options are determined based on the specific stage and location of the cancer.
​
For stage 0 or 1 melanoma, wide excision is often an effective treatment method. This surgical procedure involves removing the mole along with some healthy skin surrounding its margins. Alternatively, in stage 0, imiquimod cream (Zyclara), a prescription ointment, may be used to facilitate the disappearance of cancerous and noncancerous skin growths.
​
In the case of stage 2 melanoma, wide excision is required, and a lymph node biopsy might also be performed. This is because stage 2 melanoma may have potentially invaded the lymph system, making a biopsy necessary. A discussion with the child's doctor can help determine if a biopsy is appropriate at this stage.
​
For stage 3 melanoma, surgical removal of the tumor and surgery on the affected lymph nodes are typically necessary. In some cases, radiation therapy might also be employed.
​
Stage 4 melanoma presents significant challenges in treatment. At this advanced stage, the cancer has spread to distant lymph nodes and possibly other parts of the body. Managing stage 4 melanoma may involve a combination of surgery, chemotherapy, and immunotherapy.
​
The incidence of skin cancer in children has been increasing, highlighting the need for heightened awareness about the hazards of excessive UV exposure and the importance of regular skin cancer screenings. It is crucial to educate your child about identifying suspicious moles, sores, and growths, and to schedule yearly visits with a pediatrician.
​
If your child is at a higher risk for melanoma or if you or your pediatrician observe any concerning lesions, it is advisable to consult a dermatologist. Seeking professional evaluation will aid in the early detection of pediatric melanoma or any other form of skin cancer, increasing the chances of successful treatment.
​
Early-stage melanoma treatment is generally highly effective, with the potential for minimal scarring if the diagnosis occurs while the melanoma is still small. By taking proactive measures and acting promptly, you can significantly improve the prognosis for pediatric melanoma and ensure your child's well-being.
​
The most crucial preventive measure for safeguarding your children is to limit their direct exposure to UV rays. Applying sunscreen with an SPF of at least 15 can reduce the risk of pediatric melanoma by 50 percent.
​
Encourage outdoor play in the early mornings or late afternoons to minimize sun exposure during peak hours when the sun is strongest. While dark-colored clothing provides optimal protection, any shirt, hat, or clothing can offer better shielding than no protection at all.
​
It's essential to prohibit children and teenagers from using tanning beds, as they pose significant risks.
Conduct regular skin checks on your child, paying close attention to the face, neck, and legs. Children who spend ample time outdoors without a shirt are at risk of developing skin cancer on their trunk. If you notice any concerning lesions, it is advisable to have them examined by a dermatologist for proper evaluation and early detection.
​
​
​